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The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (ch. 27, ) of United States is a federal law established in 1883 that decided that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation.〔http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=1098〕 The act provided selection of government employees by competitive exams,〔 rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. It also made it illegal to fire or demote government officials for political reasons and prohibited soliciting campaign donations on Federal government property.〔 To enforce the merit system and the judicial system, the law also created the United States Civil Service Commission.〔 This board would be in charge of determining the rules and regulations of the act.〔The Act also allowed for the president, by executive order to decide which positions could be subject to the act and which would not.〔 A crucial result was the shift of the parties to reliance on funding from business, since they could no longer depend on patronage hopefuls. == History == In 1877, there was growing interest in the United States concerning the effects of the spoil system on the American political system. 〔 New York City established the Civil Service Reform Association to help address the issues, which would lead to several other organizations like it showing up in other cities. The presence of these organizations was one of the first steps in trying to up end the spoils system in America. What moved the Civil Service Reform from city organizations to a leading topic in the political realm was the assassination of President James A. Garfield.〔 President Garfield was shot in July 1881 by Charles Guiteau, because Guiteau believed the president owed him a patronage position for his "vital assistance" in securing Garfield's election the previous year. Garfield died two months later, and Vice President Chester A. Arthur acceded to the presidency.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://study.com/academy/lesson/gilded-age-politics-political-machines-civil-service-reform.html )〕 Once in office, President Arthur pushed through legislation for civil reform.〔 On January 16, 1883 Congress passed the Civil Service Act, which is sometimes referred to as the Pendleton Act after Senator George H. Pendleton of Ohio,〔 one of the primary sponsors. The Act was written by Dorman Bridgeman Eaton, a staunch opponent of the patronage system who was later first chairman of the United States Civil Service Commission. However, the law would also prove to be a major political liability for Arthur.〔 The law offended machine politicians, or politicians who belong to a small clique that controls a political party. 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/machine+politician )〕 These politicians realized that with the Pendleton Act in place they would have to find a new means of income, since they could no longer count on donations from the wealthy hoping to receive jobs.〔 The law was only applied to federal government jobs and not to the state and local jobs that were the basis for political machines. At first the Pendleton Act only covered a very minimum quantity of jobs, only about 10% of the US government's civilian employees had civil service jobs.〔 However, there was a provision that allowed outgoing presidents to lock in their own appointees by converting jobs to civil service. After a series of party reversals at the presidential level (1884, 1888, 1892, 1896), the result was that most federal jobs were under civil service. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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